$ exec 4>fd4.out associates (Web design programs) the file fd4.out with

$ exec 4>fd4.out associates the file fd4.out with the file descriptor 4. To open a file for reading, you use the following form: exec n file command n>> file Here command is the name of a command, such as ls, n is a file descriptor (integer), and file is the name of the file. The first form redirects the output of command to the specified file, whereas the second form appends the output of command to the specified file. For example, you can write the standard output redirection forms in the general form as command 1> file command 1>> file Here the 1 explicitly states that STDOUT is being redirected into the given file. General input redirection is similar to general output redirection. It is performed as follows: command n file1 2> file2 Here the STDOUT of the specified command is redirected to file1, and the STDERR (error messages) is
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